Ruminative Response Scale
22-item measure of rumination (Brooding, Reflection, Symptom)
The Ruminative Response Scale (RRS, Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) is a 22-item self-report measure assessing the tendency to engage in ruminative thinking when feeling depressed. It captures three dimensions: Symptom Rumination (focusing on distress symptoms), Brooding (passive, judgmental self-comparison), and Reflective Pondering (purposeful self-analysis). The RRS is one of the most widely used measures of rumination in clinical research.
Result Interpretation
After completing the 22 questions, you'll receive an immediate, detailed report with:
- Your score — calculated automatically based on your responses
- Score interpretation — what your score means in practical terms
- Dimension breakdown — separate scores for each sub-scale
- Context — how your results compare to general population norms where available
All results are displayed instantly on screen. No account, email, or login required.